@material-ui/system

Styled system & style functions for building powerful design systems.

Getting Started

@material-ui/system provides low-level utility functions called "style functions" for building powerful design systems. Some of the key features:

• ⚛️ Access the theme values directly from the component props.
• 🦋 Encourage UI consistency.
• 🌈 Write responsive style effortlessly.
• 🦎 Work with any theme object.
• 💅 Work with the most popular CSS-in-JS solutions.
• 📦 Less than 4 KB gzipped.
• 🚀 Fast enough not to be a bottleneck at runtime.

It's important to understand that this package exposes pure (side-effect free) style functions with this signature: ({ theme, ...style }) => style, that's it.

Demo

In the rest of this Getting Started section we are using styled-components as the reference example (to emphasize the universality of this package). Alternatively, you can emotion or any other CSS-in-JS styling solution. The demos are also based on the default Material-UI theme object.

Installation

// with npm
npm install @material-ui/system

// with yarn
yarn add @material-ui/system

Create a component

In order to use the Box component, you first need to create it. To start with, add a spacing and palette function to the style argument.

import styled from 'styled-components';
import { spacing, palette } from '@material-ui/system';

const Box = styled.div`
  ${spacing}${palette}
`;

export default Box;

This Box component now supports new spacing props and color props. For example, you can provide a padding prop: p and a color prop: color.

<Box p="1rem" color="grey">
  Give me some space!
</Box>

The component can be styled providing any valid CSS values.

Theming

But most of the time, you want to rely on a theme's values to increase the UI consistency. It's preferable to have a predetermined set of padding and color values. Import the theme provider of your styling solution.

import * as React from 'react';
import { ThemeProvider } from 'styled-components';

const theme = {
  spacing: 4,
  palette: {
    primary: '#007bff',
  },
};

export default function App() {
  return <ThemeProvider theme={theme}>{/* children */}</ThemeProvider>;
}

Now, you can provide a spacing multiplier value:

<Box p={1}>4px</Box>
<Box p={2}>8px</Box>
<Box p={-1}>-4px</Box>

and a primary color:

<Box color="primary">blue</Box>

All-inclusive

To make the Box component more useful, we have been building a collection of style functions, here is the full list:

• borders
• display
• flexbox
• palette
• positions
• shadows
• sizing
• spacing
• typography

If you are already using @material-ui/core, you can use the Box component (using emotion internally by default):

import Box from '@material-ui/core/Box';

Interoperability

@material-ui/system works with most CSS-in-JS libraries, including JSS, styled-components, and emotion. Here are a few examples usages.

Styled components

Emotion

Responsive

All the props are responsive. There are three different APIs – Array, Object, and Collocation – that each use this default (but customizable) breakpoints theme structure:

const values = {
  xs: 0,
  sm: 600,
  md: 960,
  lg: 1280,
  xl: 1920,
};

const theme = {
  breakpoints: {
    keys: ['xs', 'sm', 'md', 'lg', 'xl'],
    up: (key) => `@media (min-width:${values[key]}px)`,
  },
};

Array

<Box p={[2, 3, 4]} />

/**
 * Outputs:
 *
 * padding: 16px;
 * @media (min-width: 600px) {
 *   padding: 24px;
 * }
 * @media (min-width: 960px) {
 *   padding: 32px;
 * }
 */

Object

<Box p={{ xs: 2, sm: 3, md: 4 }} />

/**
 * Outputs:
 *
 * padding: 16px;
 * @media (min-width: 600px) {
 *   padding: 24px;
 * }
 * @media (min-width: 960px) {
 *   padding: 32px;
 * }
 */

Collocation

If you want to group the breakpoint values, you can use the breakpoints() helper.

import { compose, spacing, palette, breakpoints } from '@material-ui/system';
import styled from 'styled-components';

const Box = styled.div`
  ${breakpoints(compose(spacing, palette))}
`;

<Box p={2} sm={{ p: 3 }} md={{ p: 4 }} />;

/**
 * Outputs:
 *
 * padding: 16px;
 * @media (min-width: 600px) {
 *   padding: 24px;
 * }
 * @media (min-width: 960px) {
 *   padding: 32px;
 * }
 */

Custom style props

style(options) => style function

Use this helper to create your own style function.

Not all CSS properties are supported. It's possible that you want to support new ones. It's also possible that you want to change the theme path prefix.

Arguments

1. options (Object):

• options.prop (String): The prop the style function will be triggered on.
• options.cssProperty (String|Boolean [optional]): Defaults to options.prop. The CSS property used. You can disabled this option by providing false. When disabled, the property value will be handled as a style object on it's own. It can be used for rendering variants.
• options.themeKey (String [optional]): The theme path prefix.
• options.transform (Function [optional]): Apply a transformation before outputing a CSS value.

Returns

style function: The style function created.

Examples

You can create a component that supports some CSS grid properties such as grid-gap. By supplying spacing as the themeKey you can reuse logic enabling the behavior we see in other spacing properties like padding.

import styled from 'styled-components';
import { style } from '@material-ui/system';
import { Box } from '@material-ui/core';

const gridGap = style({
  prop: 'gridGap',
  themeKey: 'spacing',
});

const Grid = styled(Box)`
  ${gridGap}
`;
const example = (
  <Grid display="grid" gridGap={[2, 3]}>
    ...
  </Grid>
);

You can also customize the prop name by adding both a prop and cssProperty and transform the value by adding a transform function.

import styled from 'styled-components';
import { style } from '@material-ui/system';

const borderColor = style({
  prop: 'bc',
  cssProperty: 'borderColor',
  themeKey: 'palette',
  transform: (value) => `${value} !important`,
});

const Colored = styled.div`
  ${borderColor}
`;
const example = <Colored bc="primary.main">...</Colored>;

compose(...style functions) => style function

Merge multiple style functions into one.

Returns

style function: The style function created.

Examples

import { style, compose } from '@material-ui/system';

export const textColor = style({
  prop: 'color',
  themeKey: 'palette',
});

export const bgcolor = style({
  prop: 'bgcolor',
  cssProperty: 'backgroundColor',
  themeKey: 'palette',
});

const palette = compose(textColor, bgcolor);

Variants

The style() helper can also be used to maps props to style objects in a theme. In this example, the variant prop supports all the keys present in theme.typography.

CSS prop

If you want to support custom CSS values, you can use the css() helper. It will process the css prop.

How it works

styled-system has done a great job at explaining how it works. It can help building a mental model for this "style function" concept.

Real-world use case

In practice, a Box component can save you a lot of time. In this example, we demonstrate how to reproduce a Banner component.

Prior art

@material-ui/system synthesizes ideas & APIs from several different sources:

• Tachyons was one of the first (2014) CSS libraries to promote the Atomic CSS pattern (or Functional CSS).
• Tachyons was later on (2017) followed by Tailwind CSS. They have made Atomic CSS more popular.
• Twitter Bootstrap has slowly introduced atomic class names in v2, v3, and v4. The way they group their "Helper classes" was used as inspiration.
• In the React world, Styled System was one of the first (2017) to promote the style functions. It can be used as a generic Box component replacing the atomic CSS helpers as well as helpers to write new components.
• Large companies such as Pinterest, GitHub, and Segment.io are using the same approach in different flavours:
  • Evergreen Box
  • Gestalt Box
  • Primer Box
• The actual implementation and the object responsive API was inspired by the Smooth-UI's system.